Dynamics of the Use of Addiction Treatment Services in Poland Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Analysis of National Health Fund Data from 2018 to 2023

Alcohol and psychoactive substance use disorders are major public health challenges in Poland. The COVID-19 pandemic affected both mental health and the organization of addiction treatment services. This study assessed changes in the utilization of publicly funded addiction treatment services in Poland before, during, and after the pandemic, with attention to regional differences. National Health Fund data from 2018 to 2023 were analyzed for alcohol use disorder treatment and treatment of other substance use disorders. Indicators included the number of patients, services provided, and total financial value of services. ANOVA, linear regression, and Pearson correlation analyses were performed. In 2020, the number of patients and services declined, particularly for non-alcohol substance treatment, followed by gradual recovery in 2021–2023. Significant regional differences were observed (p < 0.001), while differences between years were not significant. The financial value of services increased significantly over time, and strong positive correlations were found between patients, services, and costs. The pandemic temporarily reduced access to addiction treatment services in Poland. Although service utilization recovered over time, regional inequalities and increasing treatment costs persisted, highlighting the need to improve accessibility and resilience of addiction care systems.