Durability of concrete according to performance concept – influence of the main cement constituents on material properties of concrete

Abstract

The durability of concrete structures is mainly controlled by material parameters like carbonation resistance and chloride penetration resistance. However, unlike compressive strength, which is classified into standardized strength classes, no equivalent classification system exists for these durability parameters. A preliminary step toward such a system is the introduction of exposure resistance classes. A recent study investigated how material variations and dosing accuracy influence carbonation and chloride resistance. In a first series, common cements (CEM I, CEM II/A‐LL, CEM II/B‐S, CEM III/A) were analysed. Given future raw material availability and efforts to further reduce CO ₂ emissions in cement production, it is expected that other cement types will be used more extensively in the future. Hence, a second test series included so‐called future cements with lower clinker content: CEM II/C‐M (S‐LL) 42.5 N, CEM V/A (S‐P) 42.5 N, and an experimental CEM X (35% clinker, 20% slag, 45% limestone). For each cement, two concretes with different water‐cement ratios (w/c) were produced, targeting consistency class F4. The compressive strength, carbonation resistance (DIN EN 12390‐12) and chloride migration (DIN EN 12390‐18) was tested.