Driver Understanding of Different Pedestrian Hybrid Beacon Intervals and Influence of Pedestrian Crossing Positions: A Minnesota-Based Study

Pedestrian hybrid beacons (PHBs) have been widely used to improve pedestrian safety at midblock and unsignalized pedestrian crossings. However, drivers’ understanding of the various PHB intervals (i.e., Dark, Flashing Yellow, Steady Yellow, Steady Red, and Flashing Red), especially the Flashing Red interval, has not been well understood. This study investigates drivers’ comprehension of the PHB intervals and their preferences between Alternating and Simultaneous Flashing Red indications. A statewide survey of 656 licensed drivers in Minnesota was conducted to evaluate intended driving actions during different PHB intervals. Results indicated that only 41% and 72% of survey participants correctly understood the Dark interval and Steady Red interval, respectively. During the Flashing Red interval, most drivers selected the safer behavior of waiting until the crosswalk was entirely clear of pedestrians, despite drivers being legally allowed to go through the crosswalk when the driving lane is clear of pedestrians. An XGBoost model and a binary logistic regression model were developed to analyze participants’ perception regarding the effectiveness of the current Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices standard—Alternating Flashing Red indication in conveying correct driving action during the PHB Flashing Red interval. Older drivers and those with comparatively less educational attainment perceived the Alternating Flashing Red as less effective than the Simultaneous Flashing Red. Findings suggest that driver perception of Alternating and Simultaneous Flashing Red indications are mainly shaped by demographic characteristics. The study highlights the need for targeted public education to improve drivers’ comprehension of PHB intervals and ensure safer midblock crossings.