Distributed Renewable‐to‐Hydrogen Energy Systems in Smart Grids: A Review of Optimisation Methods for Planning and Operation

ABSTRACT

The rapid deployment of distributed renewable energy sources (RES) poses significant challenges to the flexibility, reliability and economic operation of modern smart grids due to their inherent intermittency and limited controllability. Distributed renewable‐to‐hydrogen (DR2H) systems have emerged as a promising solution for enhancing renewable energy utilisation and providing multienergy flexibility services. However, the effective deployment of DR2H systems requires optimisation of both planning and operation to simultaneously balance economic viability, environmental sustainability and grid support capabilities. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the latest advancements in planning and operational optimisation methods for DR2H systems within smart grids. It begins by introducing the basic architecture and operating modes of DR2H systems, then systematically outlines the modelling approaches for key multienergy coupling components, such as electrolysers, hydrogen storage systems and fuel cells. Subsequently, the paper categorises optimisation methods based on objectives and conducts a thorough analysis and comparison of the corresponding objective functions, decision variables, constraints and solution algorithms. Finally, it identifies key research gaps and future development directions, offering a systematic perspective on the evolution of flexible, efficient and economically viable DR2H systems for future smart grids.