Difficult-to-treat (DTR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa harboring Verona-Integron metallo-β-lactamase ( bla _VIM ): infection management and molecular analysis

Pseudomonas aeruginosa harboring Verona Integron-encoded metallo-β-lactamase enzymes (VIM-CRPA) have been associated with infection outbreaks in several parts of the world. In the US, however, VIM-CRPA remain rare. Starting in December 2018, we identified a cluster of cases in our institution. Herein, we present our epidemiological investigation and strategies to control/manage these challenging infections. This study was conducted in a large academic healthcare system in Miami, FL, between December 2018 and January 2022. Patients were prospectively identified via rapid molecular diagnostics when cultures revealed carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa . Alerts were received in real time by the antimicrobial stewardship program and infection prevention teams. Upon alert recognition, a series of interventions were performed as a coordinated effort. A retrospective chart review was conducted to collect patient demographics, antimicrobial therapy, and clinical outcomes. Thirty-nine VIM-CRPA isolates led to infection in 21 patients. The majority were male (76.2%); the median age was 52 years. The majority were mechanically ventilated ( n = 15/21; 71.4%); 47.6% ( n = 10/21) received renal replacement therapy at the time of index culture. Respiratory ( n = 20/39; 51.3%) or bloodstream ( n = 13/39; 33.3%) were the most common sources. Most infections ( n = 23/37; 62.2%) were treated with an aztreonam–avibactam regimen. Six patients (28.6%) expired within 30 days of index VIM-CRPA infection. Fourteen isolates were selected for whole genome sequencing. Most of them belonged to ST111 (12/14), and they all carried bla _VIM-2 chromosomally. This report describes the clinical experience treating serious VIM-CRPA infections with either aztreonam–ceftazidime/avibactam or cefiderocol in combination with other agents. The importance of implementing infection prevention strategies to curb VIM-CRPA outbreaks is also demonstrated.