Determinants of multiple water use for efficient water management in farming systems: a review

ABSTRACT

The multiple use of water (MUW) in agriculture is vital for improving the efficiency of food production, thus addressing major issues such as water scarcity, climate change, and food insecurity. Various diversified integrated farming system (IFS) models have been developed globally, usually integrating both crops and livestock. However, the water aspect is frequently overlooked in these models, which limits their overall effectiveness. To address this situation, it is essential to extend research and demonstration initiatives that concentrate on the water component of these systems. Irrigation systems are critical not only for the cultivation of primary crops but also for small-scale productive activities such as backyard gardening, livestock, fishery, agroforestry, and other essential activities in farming systems. The applications of these practices in IFS may require lesser amount of water than the conventional farming system. Nevertheless, their influence on crop productivity, profitability, and environmental sustainability is significant. Acknowledging the importance of MUW in agriculture is essential for assessing water flows across the various agricultural components (pre-production to disposal) and encouraging efficient usage. Implementing these systematic approaches can significantly improve the adaptability and resilience of agricultural systems to the challenges posed by water scarcity, climate change, and the increasing demand for food.