Design and Performance of Functionally Graded Heterogeneous Triply Periodic Minimal Surface Porous Bone Scaffolds With Biomimetic Vertebral Hierarchical Structures

To address the limitations of current vertebral implants in simultaneously satisfying the requirements for elastic modulus matching, mechanical load‐bearing, and permeability for osseointegration, this study—inspired by the hierarchical and heterogeneous structure of natural vertebrae—proposes a multidimensional synergistic design strategy based on triply periodic minimal surfaces. This strategy integrates lateral topological fusion, gradient cell sizing, and torsion optimization of Primitive unit cells. Specimens were fabricated using laser powder bed fusion and characterized via quasi‐static compression tests, finite element analysis, and computational fluid dynamics simulations. The independent and coupled effects of these design strategies on the mechanical and permeability properties of the bone scaffolds were systematically investigated. The results indicate that the torsion design applied to the P‐type unit cell effectively maintains a low elastic modulus while enhancing fluid transport channels. The functionally graded and topologically‐fuzed model exhibits an elastic modulus of 2.97–3.79 GPa, a yield strength exceeding 100 MPa, and a permeability of 0.95–1.82 × 10 ⁻⁸  m ² , satisfying the requirements of natural vertebrae. Furthermore, the conceptual design and printing verification of the biomimetic artificial vertebra were successfully completed, providing robust technical support for subsequent performance evaluations and application research of artificial vertebral implants.