Deep Learning for Ear-EEG-Based Brain–Computer Interface: A Systematic Comparison and Design Insights

Electroencephalography (EEG) measured inside or around ears, called ear-EEG, provides a practical measurement modality for daily brain–computer interface (BCI) applications. However, reliable decoding of mental imagery remains challenging due to the limited number of channels, low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and substantial inter- and intra-subject variability inherent to ear-EEG. Addressing these constraints requires advanced decoding strategies specifically optimized for this signal domain. In this study, we retrospectively analyze the ear-EEG dataset of a previous study in which a real-time endogenous BCI was evaluated using conventional machine learning. Specifically, we present an offline benchmark of 23 deep neural network architectures originally developed for scalp-EEG, which were adapted to ear-EEG and evaluated under an identical validation framework. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic comparison of this breadth for ear-EEG-based mental-task classification. Beyond conventional performance comparison, we identify the optimal architecture by jointly considering statistical significance and a performance–cost trade-off, incorporating classification accuracy, parameter count, and measured computational cost. Our results demonstrate that FBLightConvNet achieves the highest classification accuracy among all evaluated models and outperforms common spatial pattern-linear discriminant analysis (CSP-LDA), a widely adopted and robust conventional baseline, on all three recording days, with the difference reaching statistical significance on Days 2 and 3. Notably, many state-of-the-art scalp-EEG models fail to generalize effectively to ear-EEG, highlighting the importance of architecture selection in this domain. These findings identify the best-performing architecture in this setting and indicate which architectural characteristics support effective ear-EEG decoding. Ultimately, this study offers practical design insights and a reproducible benchmarking framework for developing lightweight and high-performance deep learning models, which we hope will support future efforts toward real-world ear-EEG-based BCI systems.