Damaris Cudworth Masham's Critique of Gendered Social Norms

Abstract

In Occasional Thoughts, Damaris Cudworth Masham criticizes gendered social norms and practices. Three criteria emerge from an analysis of Masham's critique: social norms and practices must (1) be supported by reason and scripture; (2) aim at virtue; and (3) lead to long-term happiness. Masham's application of these criteria reveals that social norms or practices that appear ‘natural’ or required by religion are merely men's inventions, constructed to advance men's interests. These criteria can be used to analyze Masham's letters to John Locke to consider Masham's views on marriage and the social practice of confining women to family and household affairs.