Countering hybrid threats: How NATO must adapt (again) after the war in Ukraine

After more than 75 years, NATO continues to adapt to an evolving security landscape. Established in the aftermath of World War II, NATO’s original purpose was to counter the threats posed by the Soviet Union. However, following the Cold War’s conclusion in 1991, NATO reinvented itself, expanding its mandate to address hybrid threats from both state and non-state actors. As this paper argues, NATO has made significant strides in responding to hybrid threats. It has developed a dedicated strategy, reformed its structures, increased support to its Allies, and pursued enlargement. Despite these efforts, setbacks remain, which could undermine its deterrence posture. This article aims to understand NATO’s adaptation to hybrid threats and propose a roadmap for the necessary reforms. The 2022 Russian large-scale invasion of Ukraine has transformed hybrid threats from a looming menace into a direct challenge for NATO and its Allies, underscoring the need for further adaptation in the Alliance’s approach.