DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_244_25 ISSN: 0973-029X

Correlation of CD163-positive tumour-associated macrophages and β-catenin expression with histological grading in oral squamous cell carcinoma

Nayana Chaudhari, Nilima Prakash, GL Pradeep, Sarang G. Sonawane, Aarti Mahajan, Renu Yadav
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Abstract

Background:

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity, particularly in the Indian subcontinent. Tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs), particularly the M2 phenotype identified by CD163 expression, contribute to tumour progression through epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). β-Catenin, a key regulator of cell adhesion and Wnt signalling, plays a role in OSCC invasion and metastasis. This study aims to evaluate CD163-positive TAM density and β-catenin expression in different histological grades of OSCC.

Methods:

This prospective observational immunohistochemical (IHC) study analysed 30 OSCC cases. Tumour sections were graded histologically using Bryne’s system, and IHC staining was performed using CD163 and β-catenin antibodies. CD163+ TAM density was evaluated based on the Fujii et al . criteria, and β-catenin expression was assessed semi-quantitatively. Correlations between CD163+ TAMs and β-catenin expression were analysed using Spearman’s rank and Pearson’s correlation tests.

Results:

CD163+ TAMs were highest in poorly differentiated OSCC (74.33) and showed a significant difference between well and moderately differentiated OSCC ( P < 0.05). β-Catenin expression declined significantly across histological grades ( P < 0.05) and with nodal involvement. A weak positive correlation was found in well-differentiated OSCC ( R = 0.0908, P > 0.05), while a negative correlation was noted in moderately ( R = −0.4420) and poorly differentiated OSCC ( R = −0.3627).

Conclusion:

CD163+ TAMs increase with OSCC aggressiveness, while β-catenin expression decreases, suggesting TAMs contribute to β-catenin dysregulation and tumour invasion. These findings support CD163+ TAMs as potential prognostic markers and β-catenin as an indicator of OSCC progression.

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