Coordinated Planning and Scheduling of Rural Integrated-Energy Systems Considering Crop-Growth Requirements and Agricultural-Load Flexibility

Facility agriculture couples energy operation with crop growth, yet existing studies often separate long-term capacity planning from short-term greenhouse scheduling. This paper develops a coordinated planning and 24 h day-ahead scheduling framework for a rural integrated-energy system with agricultural-load flexibility. The planning stage optimizes the capacities of the biogas generator, battery energy storage system (BESS), and gas boiler, while the existing 500 kW agrivoltaic photovoltaic (PV) system is treated as a sunk asset and kept fixed. The scheduling stage coordinates grid exchange, PV, biogas generation, BESS charging/discharging, supplementary-lighting regulation, and thermal supply under time-of-use tariffs, subject to PAR, DLI, GDD, indoor-temperature, and TDRW constraints. Compared with conventional seasonal planning, the proposed crop-growth-aware planning reduces annual planning cost by 9.01%. In day-ahead operation, agricultural flexibility alone reduces operating cost by 9.28%, while coordinated agricultural-load and BESS scheduling reduces it by 14.63%, increases PV utilization from 56.54% to 90.59%, and decreases daily operational carbon emissions from 4584.72 to 3817.39 kg CO2·day−1. These results quantify the distinct contributions of crop-constrained demand flexibility and storage while explicitly linking capacity decisions to short-term operation.