Consistency Analysis of MCSK Navigation Augmentation Signal Characteristics for LEO Constellations Based on Space–Ground Data

ABSTRACT

With the large‐scale deployment of low Earth orbit (LEO) mega‐constellations, navigation augmentation services provided by LEO satellites have become key to improving the accuracy and reliability of global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs). Multicomposite code shift keying (MCSK) signals combine high‐data‐rate broadcasting and high‐precision ranging, exhibiting unique advantages in navigation augmentation. However, whether the signal characteristics verified through ground testing remain consistent after launch and operation in a real‐space environment is a critical issue that directly affects the effectiveness of ground verification and the efficiency of forming operational capability. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive evaluation framework to assess the consistency of MCSK signal characteristics between ground and in‐orbit conditions. A multidimensional performance indicator system covering time‐domain, frequency‐domain, correlation‐domain, measurement‐domain and MCSK‐specific structural features is established. Ground test data and in‐orbit measurement data are jointly analysed using Pearson correlation, Spearman rank correlation and mutual information methods to construct a hierarchical consistency assessment framework that captures linear, monotonic and generalised statistical dependencies. Extensive experimental validation is conducted on the basis of ground precision testing and in‐orbit high‐gain antenna monitoring data from a representative LEO navigation augmentation constellation. The results show diverse consistency patterns ranging from strong linear correlations (e.g., digital distortion and operating bandwidth) to weak or complex statistical dependencies (e.g., partial S‐curve biases), reflecting different sensitivities of physical mechanisms to space–ground environmental differences. The proposed methodology and findings provide strong support for optimising tests, predicting performance and formulating standards for LEO navigation augmentation payloads.