Conceptual Framework on the Potential of the Internet of Things for Energy Efficiency in Buildings

This study aims to develop an inclusive conceptual framework that investigates how the potential of IoT technologies can be harnessed to optimise energy efficiency in buildings in Ghana. A systematic literature review, including bibliometric mapping using the PRISMA flow chart and VOSviewer, was conducted to analyse thematic clusters and knowledge gaps relating to IoT and energy efficiency. This research collated literature, stakeholders’ perceptions on the adoption of IoT technologies in Ghanaian buildings, and relevant empirical data. The study reports that the extent of energy efficiency is attainable, dependent on the IoT typology deployed. Adoption and integration issues are regarded as perceived benefits and barriers, respectively. The key characteristics are the infrastructural policy posture, technological competencies, human resource development, and stakeholder participation. The study answers the call by developing Ghanaian-oriented frameworks for consideration that integrate Ghanaian technical, socio-economic realities, and policy frameworks. This framework is useful for policymakers, practitioners, and researchers, as it provides a means to develop region-based, scalable Internet of Things devices, energy optimisation systems, and technologies, thereby improving the sustainability of cooperation among academia, industry, and government. This study is limited by its reliance on secondary literature and bibliometric mapping, rather than on primary empirical validation or Ghana-based pilot projects. Potential publication and selection biases may affect findings. Future research should empirically test and refine the proposed framework through local pilot studies and cross-sectoral collaboration to validate it.