Computational Study of Irreversibilities and Transfer of Heat in Bioconvective Williamson Ternary Hybrid Nanofluid Flow with Activation Energy and Electro‐Magneto Hydrodynamic Effects

ABSTRACT

Studies on the irreversibility optimization of advanced nanofluids, particularly ternary hybrid nanofluids (THNFs), have attracted significant attention from researchers and engineers due to their wide‐ranging industrial applications. Irreversibility, commonly quantified through entropy generation(EG), is a key factor in evaluating energy losses within thermal systems. Its impact is frequently observed in practical devices such as chillers, air coolers, refrigerators, and vehicle engines, where minimizing energy dissipation is essential for improving efficiency and performance. Motivated by these wide‐ranging applications, the present study investigates entropy generation in MHD Williamson THNF flow with heat transfer over a permeable stretching sheet. The momentum equation for the THNF is formulated by incorporating the effects of electro‐magnetohydrodynamic (EMHD) and surface porosity. The influences of viscous dissipation, radiation source, Dufour, and EMHD are considered in the energy transport relation. The mass concentration equation is formulated subject to chemical reaction, Soret effects, and activation energy. The conservation of microorganisms concept is used to regulate and reduce the agglomeration of the ternary nanoparticles in the flow regime. Aluminum oxide , silver , and copper nanoparticles are used for the formation of the THNF. The water‐based Williamson fluid model is considered for the analysis. The second thermodynamics law is used to model the irreversibilities. Through appropriate similarity transformations, the governing dimensional flow equations are converted into a nondimensional system and then solved numerically using the built‐in function (NDSolve) of Wolfram Mathematica. The flow behavior and EG analysis are performed graphically, while physical quantities are scrutinized numerically. The results indicate that the temperature profiles of both HNF and THNF increase with higher Hartmann number, Eckert number, Dufour, and radiation parameters, whereas an opposite trend is observed with increasing Prandtl number. The velocity field of both fluids decreases with rising Hartmann and Weissenberg numbers. The concentration profiles of HNF and THNF diminish with increasing chemical reaction parameter and Schmidt number. Furthermore, THNF exhibits an enhancement of up to 4% in both skin friction and Nusselt number compared to HNF. Additionally, entropy generation increases with higher values of the microorganisms diffusion parameter, Hartmann number, and Brinkman number.