Complex scaling approach to quasinormal modes of Schwarzschild and Reissner–Nordström black holes

Abstract

We study black-hole quasinormal modes by applying the complex scaling method (CSM) to the perturbation equations of Schwarzschild and Reissner–Nordström black holes. The method converts the outgoing-wave boundary condition into a non-Hermitian eigenvalue problem, allowing quasinormal-mode frequencies to be computed within a common spectral framework. We first benchmark the method for the Schwarzschild Regge–Wheeler equation and then extend it to the Reissner–Nordström family, including the extremal limit. Our results show that CSM provides a unified and flexible approach to the computation of black-hole quasinormal frequencies.