Complete Mitogenomes of Three Hyphessobrycon (Characiformes, Characidae) Species and Phylogenetic Analysis of Characidae

Advances in biotechnological tools have accelerated the genomic characterization of non-model organisms, providing insights for broader bioprospecting efforts. In this context, Hyphessobrycon, one of the most species-rich and widely distributed genera in the family Characidae, remains largely unexplored at the mitogenomic level. We sequenced the complete mitogenomes of three Hyphessobrycon species, compared them with those of other Hyphessobrycon species, and conducted a phylogenetic analysis. We found that Hyphessobrycon mitogenomes are similar in terms of structure and size, codons with relative synonymous codon usage >1 usually end with A or T, and the genus Hyphessobrycon is polyphyletic. Our study provides additional evidence for the phylogenetic relationships in Characidae; however, mitogenomes of more Hyphessobrycon species need to be characterized in future studies.