Comparative Performance Evaluation of Terminal Synergetic Sliding Mode Control Against Other Control Strategies for Non‐Isolated Bi‐Directional DC‐DC Converters in Battery Charging Applications
Julius Derghe Cham, Njimboh Henry Alombah, Ekemb Gabriel, Francis Lénine Djanna Koffi, Alexandre Teplaira BoumABSTRACT
The precise regulation of bidirectional DC‐DC converters is critical for modern battery energy storage systems, yet selecting an optimal control strategy remains a challenge due to tradeoffs between transient precision and noise robustness. This study systematically evaluates six control strategies, namely proportional integral derivative (PID), sliding mode control (SMC), synergetic control (SC), integral sliding mode control (ISMC), terminal sliding mode control (TSMC) and the proposed terminal synergetic sliding mode control (TSSMC), for battery charging applications. Comprehensive MATLAB/Simulink simulations covering nominal tracking, dynamic battery modelling and noisy measurement conditions clearly demonstrate the superiority of the TSSMC. When evaluated against a dynamic battery model, the TSSMC achieves nearly perfect voltage regulation at 12.00 V with a negligible steady state error of 0.00091 V, drastically outperforming PID (0.12 V) and TSMC (0.27 V). It also delivers zero overshoot and zero undershoot, ensuring safe transient behaviour, whereas the PID exhibits a 0.5% undershoot during disturbances. A critical practical tradeoff emerges under noisy conditions: while TSMC and TSSMC excel in nominal tracking, the SMC, SC and ISMC variants demonstrate superior high frequency noise rejection. Stability analyses based on Lyapunov theory rigorously confirm convergence in finite time and boundedness for all nonlinear schemes. Beyond simulation, the paper includes a dedicated section on the implementation process and comparative performance under real time constraints to bridge the gap between theoretical design and practical deployment. Collectively, these findings establish the TSSMC as the optimal control strategy for battery systems that demand high precision, delivering the best combination of steady state accuracy, transient stability and robustness for bidirectional DC‐DC converter applications.