COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PATHOGENESIS OF CONTACT AND TOXIC STOMATITIS INDUCED BY ACRYLIC PLASTICS

The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the pathogenetic mechanisms behind the development of contact and toxic stomatitis, examining the main etiological factors contributing and detailing the immunological mechanisms. Subject of the study – acrylic plastics remain the main material for removable dentures, but their use is associated with the development of stomatitis of the prosthetic bed. Objective. Comparative analysis of the pathogenesis of contact and toxic stomatitis induced by acrylic plastics, with a focus on identifying common links and fundamental differences in the mechanisms of tissue damage. Materials and Methods. The literature review was compiled in accordance with the PRISMA checklist containing the recommendations for reporting for systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Research papers published within the past nine years were used as sources of literature. The following databases were used: PubMed, Scopus, eLibrary, Google Scholar, and Scilit. Results. It has been established that the key trigger of both forms of stomatitis is residual methyl methacrylate. In contact stomatitis, it acts as a hapten, triggering a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction (type IV), which requires prior sensitization and manifests itself through exudative reactions. In toxic stomatitis, the monomer has a direct cytotoxic effect without involving immune mechanisms, leading to tissue alteration and necrosis. Clinically, both conditions are similar, but they differ in localization, the nature of the morphological elements, and the time of occurrence after the prosthesis is fixed. Conclusions. Differences in pathogenesis dictate the need for a differentiated approach to diagnosis and treatment: in the first case, allergen elimination and antihistamine therapy are required, while in the second case, detoxification and stimulation of reparative processes are necessary.