Clinical predictors of type II endoleaks after EVAR: a systematic review of risk and protective factors
Giulia Colonna, Chiara Fasulo, Mario Antonelli, Anna Santini, Costanza Morucci, Ginevra Mazzetti, Luigi Rizzo, Maurizio Taurino, Pasqualino SirignanoAbstract
Introduction
The present systematic review seeks to examine clinical factors potentially associated with endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) failure due to type II endoleaks (TIIEL).
Source of data
Relevant literature was sourced from PubMed, including all studies regarding clinical features possibly linked to TIIEL, written in English. Studies focused on anatomical predictors, case reports, and abstracts were excluded. The literature search used keywords related to clinical characteristics, comorbidities, and demographics common in EVAR patients.
Areas of agreement
EVAR is the preferred treatment for abdominal aortic aneurysms in eligible patients. The most common complication is endoleak (persistent filling of the sac). TIIEL is caused by retrograde blood flow from aortic side branches and is the most frequent complication, occurring in 16%–50% of cases.
Areas of controversy
Many studies have explored anatomical predictors of TIIEL, but limited research is available on clinical factors that may contribute to its occurrence.
Growing points
Protective factors against TIIEL included statin therapy, salicylate therapy, smoking, ankle/brachial systolic blood pressure index <0.87, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Conversely, anticoagulation therapy, inflammatory status, and advanced age were associated with an increased risk of TIIEL.
Areas timely for developing research
Further prospective research is needed to validate the presented association between clinical factors and EVAR failure due to TIIEL, to allow risk stratification and tailored follow-up strategies for selected groups of patients.