Climate-Oriented Architectural Solutions in the Design of Urban Open Public Spaces

The subject of this study is architectural and urban design approaches to the formation of urban open public spaces under the transformation of climatic parameters of the urban environment. The aim of the paper is to identify and systematize climate-oriented architectural solutions aimed at improving thermal comfort, environmental sustainability, and functional suitability of urban open spaces. The research methodology is based on a structural and comparative analysis of contemporary foreign and Russian practices, the case study method, and architectural-spatial assessment of microclimatic parameters using the PET and UTCI indices. As a result of the study, a typology of architectural-climatic factors determining the microclimate of urban open public spaces (urban morphology, shading, ventilation, greenery, surface properties, and water elements) has been developed, and a system of criteria for assessing the climatic effectiveness of design solutions at early design stages has been proposed. The synthesis of empirical data from 2024–2025 demonstrates the quantitative effectiveness of integrated climate-oriented strategies, providing a reduction in thermal stress indicators (PET and UTCI) in the range of 2–6 °C and an increase in the duration of users’ stay in public spaces during the warm season by 18–30%. Scientific novelty of the research lies in the development of an integrated approach to assessing the architectural formation of urban open public spaces in the context of climate adaptation, combining morphological parameters of the urban fabric, microclimatic comfort indices (PET, UTCI), and patterns of user activity. For the first time for the period 2024–2025, a comparative analysis of the quantitative effectiveness of architectural and landscape solutions across different climatic contexts is carried out, which makes it possible to identify the threshold ranges of climatic performance of individual strategies (greening, shading, water elements, ventilation corridors) and their synergistic effect when applied in combination. Conclusions confirm the key role of urban open public spaces as active elements of urban climate adaptation. It is demonstrated that the fragmented implementation of individual climate-oriented measures has a limited effect, whereas a spatially integrated system of shading, greenery, and ventilation forms a stable microclimatic framework of the city. The results can be used in the development of urban design standards, municipal climate adaptation programs, and methodological guidelines for architectural and urban planning practice.