Classification and quantification of low-visibility events using deep learning over eastern China

Low-visibility events (LVEs) threaten transportation safety and human health, yet accurately identifying them at a regional scale remains challenging. To address this, this study introduces a unified convolutional neural network (CNN) framework that integrates the geostationary satellite, meteorology, and fine particulate matter (PM _2.5 ) observation data to identify all types of LVEs. The model can not only produce the spatiotemporal distribution of LVEs, including land and sea fog, but also quantify the intensity of LVEs linked to visibility reduction. By incorporating PM _2.5 , the polluted fog-haze over land can be discriminated from clean fog. Based on the model, we are able to investigate the environmental policy to reduce fog-haze and the corresponding population exposure. Over eastern China, a 20 % reduction of overall PM _2.5 can reduce the fog-haze area by 43 % in winter. However, the corresponding population exposure is reduced less effectively by 15 %, because the most populated region collocates with the most polluted region, where a further reduction of PM _2.5 by over 40 % is required to effectively reduce its population exposure. Here, the classified and quantified LVEs, along with the established relationship with pollution, explicitly guide the air-quality policy for the co-benefits of improving air visibility and human health.