Circular Material Systems in Architecture: A Systems Approach and Planetary Perspective

The building and construction sector consumes large amounts of natural resources and places pressure on ecosystems through resource extraction, habitat degradation, and biodiversity loss. Although Circular Material Systems (CMS) have emerged as a response to these issues, the connections between circular design decisions and their planetary implications require further clarification. This study examines CMS through a narrative conceptual review and an illustrative case study based on secondary sources, using two lenses: the systems approach and the planetary perspective, focusing on climate change and biosphere integrity. The analysis of K.118/Kopfbau Halle 118 in Winterthur, Switzerland, illustrates how CMS integrates biological, technical, and immaterial systems and reshapes architectural design through the availability of reused components. A published assessment reports approximately 59% lower construction-phase emissions, while benefits for ecosystems remain potential rather than measured. Overall, CMS provides an integrated perspective on architecture, materials, and planetary sustainability, although its effectiveness depends on economic, organisational, and regulatory conditions.