Choosing the best analytical pipeline to support forensic DNA analysis in small geographic areas: A case study in Gibraltar

Gibraltar, a British Overseas Territory with limited forensic capabilities, currently relies on external forensic service providers for evidence analysis. This dependency results in several challenges, including long turnaround times, high transport costs, and reduced compliance. Such issues are not unique to Gibraltar and are observed in other small countries and territories with similar constraints. By characterising these challenges, this study identifies solutions that can improve forensic processes in Gibraltar and provide a model for other small regions facing comparable issues. Data analysis of Gibraltar's existing forensic pipeline together with interviews from local stakeholders and external forensic experts identified two possible supportive strategies: Strategy 1, sample screening of evidence prior to outsourcing; and Strategy 2, the implementation of Rapid DNA technology within custody suites. To further explore the cost-to-benefit ratio of these strategies, a business plan was developed for each. These analyses show that sample screening can improve the efficiency of local forensic processes by integrating cost-effective solutions and repurposing existing laboratory infrastructure, whereas Rapid DNA technology was less favourable because of the high initial investment required for equipment. Although no single pipeline was found to be an ideal fit, each strategy offered potential societal benefits, including increased speed and quality of results, leading to faster investigative leads and a reduction in re-offending. These findings add to the limited research on cost-effective forensic solutions for small jurisdictions, and support the development of more autonomous forensic capabilities, ultimately enhancing their efficiency and effectiveness in criminal investigations.