Challenges in the Market Ramp‐Up of Electrolysis and PtX From a Technical Perspective

ABSTRACT

The decarbonization of hard‐to‐abate sectors, including aviation and maritime transport, is essential to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Power‐to‐fuels (PtF) pathways offer a technically feasible solution, particularly with the growing deployment of renewable energy. However, their large‐scale implementation faces significant economic and technical challenges. Meeting future demand for sustainable fuels will require substantial investment in Fischer–Tropsch synthesis capacities, estimated at €6.5–10.2 billion. In parallel, large‐scale electrolysis capacities are needed to provide hydrogen, with investment costs estimated at three times those of synthesis plants. This publication reviews current developments in electrolysis technologies and component manufacturing, assessing their potential to reduce costs, enhance economic competitiveness, and accelerate the large‐scale deployment of PtF pathways.