Cervical cancer screening positivity among women living with HIV in CDC-PEPFAR programs 2018-2022
Laura J. McCormick, Steven Gutreuter, Oluwatosin Adeoye, Sarah X. Alger, Celeste Amado, Zurnaid Bay, Catherine Motswere Chirwa, Omega Chituwo, Della Correia, Maria Deus, Emilio Dirlikov, Tim Efuntoye, Laurence Gunde, Alinune Kabaghe, Julius N. Kalamya, Cesaltina Lorenzoni, Daniel Magesa, Celina Mate, Theopolina Mulokoshi, Josephine Connie Ninsiima, Mary Nyangasi, Ponesai Nyika, Munyaradzi Pasipamire, Mina Ssali, Fana Tefera, Lindsey A. Torre, Marilena Urso, Ronald Wandira, Brigitte Zemburuka, Michele Montandon- Pharmacology (medical)
- Infectious Diseases
Abstract
Background:
The US President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) aims to address the higher risk of cervical cancer among women living with HIV (WLHIV) by offering high quality screening services in the highest burden regions of the world.
Methods:
We analyzed PEPFAR Monitoring, Evaluation, and Reporting data from CDC-supported sites in 13 countries in sub-Saharan Africa for WHLIV aged 15+ years who accessed cervical cancer screening services (mostly visual inspection, with ablative or excisional treatment offered for precancerous lesions), April 2018–March 2022. We calculated the positivity by age, country, and clinical visit type (first lifetime screen, or routine rescreening). We fitted negative binomial random-coefficient models of log-linear trends in time to estimate the probabilities of testing positive, and any temporal trends in positivity.
Results:
Among the 2.8 million completed cancer screens, 5.4% identified precancerous lesions, and 0.8% were positive for suspected invasive cervical cancers (6.1% overall). The positivity rates declined over the study period among those women screening for cervical cancer for the first time, and among those women presenting to antiretroviral therapy (ART) clinics for routine rescreening.
Conclusions:
These positivity rates are lower than expectations set by the published literature. Further research is needed to determine if these lower rates are attributable to the high level of consistent ART use among these populations, and systematic program monitoring and quality assurance activities are essential to ensure WLHIV have access to the highest possible quality prevention services.