Caste-Associated Gut Microbial Diversity and Predicted Functional Profiles in Coptotermes formosanus

Coptotermes formosanus is an economically significant termite species with a highly organised caste system, in which division of labour underpins colony function. Although gut microbiota is widely recognised for its roles in host nutrition and adaptation, much less is known about how these microbial communities are structured across castes. To explore caste-related gut bacterial variation in C. formosanus, we analysed the community structure of both workers and soldiers using high-throughput amplicon sequencing targeting the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Although both castes were dominated by Bacteroidota and Spirochaetota, which together accounted for 78.87% to 85.78% in workers and 63.31% to 84.38% in soldiers, significant caste-associated differences were evident. Workers showed significantly higher bacterial richness, as indicated by observed ASVs, Chao1 indices, and Faith’s PD. Further clear caste-associated bacterial community was revealed by beta-diversity analysis. Differential taxonomic analysis revealed distinct caste-associated enrichment patterns. In addition, co-occurrence network analysis indicated a caste-associated interaction structure, with soldier-biased taxa forming a dense, highly connected module while worker-biased taxa contributed to local structure and bridging positions. Furthermore, chemoheterotrophy and fermentation were predicted to be enriched in workers, whereas nitrate reduction, aerobic chemoheterotrophy, aromatic compound degradation, and phenotypes related to biofilm formation, stress tolerance, and mobile elements were predicted to be relatively enriched in soldiers. Moreover, qPCR analysis further showed caste-associated differences in dominant gut protists, with Pseudotrichonympha in workers significantly higher than in soldiers and positively correlated with Azobacteroides. These results provide clear evidence of caste-associated differentiation in gut microbial composition and offer a foundation for identifying novel microbial targets for termite pest management.