Cardiorenal syndrome: pathophysiological mechanisms and the role of biomarkers in risk stratification

Objective: This review systematizes modern data on pathophysiological mechanisms, as well as the role of classical and new biomarkers in diagnosis, risk stratification and outcome prediction in cardiorenal syndrome. Materials and Methods: The literature search included PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, CyberLeninka, and ELIBRARY. Results: Cardiorenal syndrome is a pathophysiological condition characterized by acute or chronic dysfunction of the heart and kidneys. This condition is associated with an increased risk of hospitalization and mortality. Combined cardiovascular and renal dysfunction is a serious medical and social problem. It is characterized by difficulties in diagnosis, treatment selection, and a poor prognosis for patients. Hemodynamic disturbances, excessive activation of the neurohormonal system, endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and chronic inflammation play a key role in the development of cardiorenal syndrome. These factors form a vicious cycle that exacerbates damage to both organs. Conclusion: An analysis of the current literature reveals the complex and multifaceted pathophysiological mechanisms underlying cardiorenal syndrome and convincingly demonstrates the significant potential of modern biomarkers in developing treatment strategies for this condition. The use of accurate, reproducible, and clinically validated markers can significantly improve the effectiveness of cardiovascular disease prevention, enable dynamic patient monitoring, and facilitate the early detection of complications.