Breast Cancer Knowledge, Awareness and Screening Practices Among Female Healthcare Workers in Al-Mukalla, Yemen

Objectives: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy among women worldwide and represents a significant burden for Yemeni women. Early detection through breast self-examination (BSE) and knowledge of risk factors and symptoms are crucial. This study aimed to assess awareness, knowledge and practice regarding BC risk factors, symptoms and BSE among female healthcare workers (HCWs) in Al-Mukalla, Yemen. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from September to October 2022 at three public hospitals in Al-Mukalla, Yemen. A census sampling approach was used to recruit HCWs. Data were collected using a validated self-administered questionnaire covering breast awareness practices, risk factor awareness, symptom recognition and BSE frequency. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used to identify BSE predictors. Results: A total of 151 HCWs were included in this study (response rate = 83.0%). The mean participant age was 30.4 ± 6.1 years; 49.7% were aged 20–29 years. Most participants were unmarried (66.2%), university-educated (57.0%) and doctors (47.0%). Knowledge of hallmark symptoms such as breast masses (90.0%) was high; however, 51.0% misidentified the specific laterality (right upper outer quadrant) of the most common cancer site, rather than the quadrant itself. Regular (monthly) BSE was reported by 71.5% of participants. Multivariable analysis showed that nurses were less likely than doctors to perform BSE (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.32, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.14–0.73; P = 0.007). Diploma holders practised BSE less than university graduates (aOR = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.19–0.78; P = 0.008), while higher BC knowledge independently predicted greater BSE practice (aOR = 2.15, 95% CI: 1.10–4.20; P = 0.025). Conclusion: Despite good symptom awareness, significant knowledge gaps remain regarding risk factors and breast anatomy among female HCWs in Al-Mukalla, Yemen. BSE practice is still suboptimal, influenced by professional role, education level and BC knowledge. Targeted interventions focusing on breast awareness and structured education are urgently required.