BREAKING THE BARRIERS OF CONVENTIONAL BREEDING: GENOME EDITING FOR SOYBEAN ENHANCEMENT

The aim of this study is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of current scientific publications devoted to the use of genome editing technologies, primarily the CRISPR-Cas system, for the targeted improvement of agronomically significant traits in soybean (Glycine max L.) and overcoming the key limitations of traditional breeding. A review of 78 publications from international scientific databases (Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Russian Science Citation Index) presents a comprehensive analysis of the potential of genome editing technologies, primarily the CRISPR-Cas system, for overcoming the limitations of traditional breeding. The focus is on systematizing the latest advances in the targeted modification of key agronomic traits. Strategies for improving seed quality by increasing protein content through knockout of the GmNF-YC4-1 promoter or modification of the Glyma.20G85100 locus, as well as optimizing fatty acid composition by editing the GmFAD2 and GmFATB1 genes, are considered. Approaches to manipulating photoperiod sensitivity through E-series genes (E1, E3, E4) to expand the cultivation range are analyzed. Methods for modifying plant architecture are described and approaches to enhancing stress tolerance are summarized, including enhancing the immune response through the GmSRC2 gene and tolerance to abiotic factors. The full technological cycle of editing is analyzed: principles of guide RNA design, a comparative analysis of delivery methods (Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, bioballistics, nanocarriers), and a critical examination of the main technological barrier – low-efficiency, genotype-dependent regeneration in vitro. Attention is paid to the analysis of associated risks, in particular the problem of off-target effects and the complexities of multiplex editing. A separate section is devoted to a comparative analysis of divergent legal regimes for genome editing products in key regions of the world. In conclusion, promising development directions are outlined, including the convergence of technologies using next-generation nucleases (Cas12, Cas13). It is concluded that genome editing is transforming breeding from an empirical discipline into a field of precision biological design.