Blue light exposure: Evidence-based impacts on ocular health

The shorter-wavelength electromagnetic radiation known as blue light occupies an increasingly prominent position within contemporary eye health and vision science research. This heightened attention is attributable to the exponential growth in artificial sources emitting blue wavelengths, prominently including modern light-emitting diode lighting technologies embedded in digital displays, personal communication devices, and ambient indoor lighting systems. Although blue light performs an important physiological function in circadian rhythm regulation and the pupillary response, excessive or prolonged exposure has been associated with ocular discomfort, visual fatigue, and even possible photochemical retinal injury. This review highlights the biological mechanisms underlying the interaction between blue light and ocular tissues, its short- and long-term impacts on eye health, and related preventive strategies. These conclusions are further reinforced by findings from experimental and clinical studies.