Black Phosphorus Quantum Dot–Based Hybrid Nanoplatforms: From Surface Reactivity to Multifunctional Integration

ABSTRACT

Black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs) represent a structurally and electronically distinctive nanomaterial class whose anisotropic layered architecture, tunable bandgap, and lone‐pair‐driven surface reactivity collectively engender functional capabilities inaccessible to conventional zero‐dimensional systems. Paradoxically, the same electronic configuration underlying these exceptional properties governs the oxidative degradation that constitutes the platform's most consequential translational barrier. This review provides the first comprehensive analysis of BPQD‐based hybrid nanoplatforms as an integrated materials class. Three converging application domains are examined: dual‐mode biosensing architectures exploiting surface coordination chemistry, near‐infrared bioimaging systems leveraging quantum‐confined optical transitions, and flexible self‐powered electronic platforms enabling simultaneous mechanical energy harvesting and stimulus transduction. Across these domains, photoluminescence quantum yield inconsistency, insufficient longitudinal biocompatibility evidence, and batch‐to‐batch reproducibility gaps are identified as foundational barriers to practical deployment. A forward‐looking roadmap emphasizing selective covalent passivation and standardized stability protocols is proposed to accelerate the translation of BPQD hybrid systems toward real‐world device integration.