Biotechnological potential of aquatic hyphomycetes: a review

Aquatic hyphomycetes are an ecological group of anamorphic fungi that play an essential role in decomposing plant substrates in lotic environments. This narrative review compiled studies highlighting the biotechnological potential of this group, contributing to the understanding of its applications and perspectives. The analysis emphasizes aquatic hyphomycetes as significant producers of metabolites with applications across various sectors, including industrial, agricultural, environmental, and health sectors. Notably, these organisms degrade lignocellulosic compounds and produce antimicrobial compounds. Several studies also highlight their bioremediation potential, particularly their ability to tolerate and transform environmental pollutants, including synthetic dyes, toxic elements, and endocrine-disrupting compounds. None of the studies considered in this review were conducted in tropical or subtropical countries, with most of the research concentrated in North America and Europe. These findings suggest that a substantial number of chemical compounds with biotechnological potential remain unexplored, underscoring the importance of expanding research efforts, particularly in under-investigated ecosystems.