Biosensors for Uric Acid Detection: Design Principles, Materials, Microfluidics, and Analytical Strategies

ABSTRACT

Uric acid is an important and critical biomarker in diagnosis of several metabolic, renal and cardiovascular diseases. Accurate and rapid determination of uric acid in biological fluids is extremely important for efficient disease monitoring and management. While traditional methods such as spectrophotometry, chromatography and mass spectrometry may provide accurate quantification, they are typically costly, time‐consuming and require trained personnel limiting their use at point‐of‐care. Paper‐based biosensors are proposed as promising alternatives due to their low cost, portability, ease of fabrication and suitability for on‐site diagnostics. This review summarizes recent advances in paper‐based biosensors for uric acid detection in terms of sensor types, sensing materials, fabrication techniques and analytical performance. The focus is on enzymatic and nonenzymatic approaches, advances in nanomaterials and microfabrication techniques, such as wax printing, screen printing and photolithography. A critical analysis of detection mechanisms, sensitivity, selectivity and stability are carried out. We also highlight recent advances in the integration of paper‐based biosensors with wearable platforms for real‐time monitoring. The review discusses the challenges and opportunities of uric acid biosensing for the development of next generation diagnostic devices for decentralized and personalized healthcare applications.