Biopolymer composites from agri‐food wastes and by‐products: valorization, fabrication, and food related applications

Abstract

This review critically examines recent progress in the valorization of agri‐food wastes and by‐products for the development of sustainable biopolymer composites, with emphasis on extraction approaches, fabrication strategies, structural engineering, functional performance, and food‐related applications. A systematic methodology was adopted using comprehensive searches in Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar covering publications from 2015 to 2025. The search initially identified 312 records. After removal of duplicates, title and abstract screening, and full‐text eligibility assessment, 73 peer‐reviewed articles were included for qualitative synthesis. Inclusion criteria comprised empirical studies focused on converting agri‐food wastes into biopolymer composites specifically for food packaging, preservation, safety, and related applications. Exclusion criteria involved non‐food‐based studies, conference abstracts, duplicate publications, and studies with low methodological rigor. The findings indicate that lignocellulosic residues, fruit and vegetable peels, seed husks, shell wastes, and microbial by‐products serve as promising renewable feedstocks for polymer development. Fabrication methods such as blending, extrusion, solvent casting, electrospinning, and nanocomposite reinforcement significantly enhance mechanical strength, barrier properties, thermal stability, and biodegradability. Applications in biodegradable packaging, edible films, and active and intelligent packaging systems demonstrate growing industrial potential. Nonetheless, challenges persist regarding processing efficiency, structural consistency, large‐scale production, cost‐effectiveness, and regulatory compliance.