Biomimetic robots driven by smart materials: Motion forms, stimulation methods and applications

Abstract

Biomimetic robots exhibit enhanced adaptability to complex environments and improved task flexibility by emulating biological systems. However, conventional robots rely on traditional materials and rigid structures, which limit their ability to achieve biomimetic functionalities and make it difficult to fully replicate the complex behaviors of living organisms. Smart materials, characterized by stimulus responsiveness, shape adaptability, and controllability, can be employed as actuators to overcome these limitations. These capabilities significantly enhance the mobility and environmental adaptability of biomimetic robots. The integration of smart materials with biomimetic robotics has emerged as a highly promising research direction. This review summarizes recent advances in biomimetic robots driven by smart materials. Initially, the relevant properties of smart materials suitable for robotic actuation are discussed. Then, the movement capabilities of smart‐actuated biomimetic robots are detailed from the perspective of movement modes. The stimulation methods employed to drive these systems are also reviewed. Finally, the potential of smart materials for driving biomimetic robots in practical applications is analyzed. Future research directions are then outlined, addressing the challenges and potential breakthroughs at the material, design, and system levels.