Biomechanical evaluation of surface texturing and hybrid coatings in dental implants: A finite element analysis of stress distribution under bone loss conditions

This study evaluates the biomechanical influence of surface texturing and hybrid coatings on stress distribution and marginal bone loss (MBL) in dental implants under varying bone loss conditions and axial loading. A parametric three-dimensional finite element model (FEM) of the human mandible was developed, consisting of cortical and cancellous bone layers. Five implant surface textures—Dome, Straight, U-Shape, X-Shape, and V-Shape—were considered, along with four hybrid coatings: hydroxyapatite (HA), HA with 3% tantalum pentoxide (HA3TO), HA with 3% strontium (HA3Sr), and HA with a combination of 1.5% tantalum pentoxide and 1.5% strontium (HA1.5TO1.5Sr). The implants were subjected to static axial loads (100, 150, 200, and 250 N). The V-Shape implant with HA1.5TO1.5SR exhibited the highest implant stress (97.13 MPa at 250 N), exceeding the 35 MPa cortical bone yield threshold, indicating an increased risk of mechanical overload and resorption. Dome-Shape and U-Shape textures demonstrated improved stress distribution, reducing peak stresses and enhancing stability. Hybrid coatings lowered implant stress by 19.65%, mitigating bone remodeling risks. Bone loss amplified stress concentrations, with higher micromotion risks observed in V-Shape and Straight-Shape textures. Surface texturing and hybrid coatings significantly influence peri-implant stress and stability. Based on our findings, Dome-Shape and U-Shape textures, combined with hybrid coatings, offer biomechanical advantages for implant longevity. These findings support the clinical preference for coated, curved-surface implants, particularly in patients with compromised bone quality.