Biomass‐Derived Laser‐Induced Graphene: From Precursor Chemistry to Device Integration

ABSTRACT

Laser direct writing provides a mask‐free route for converting suitable carbon‐containing precursors into patterned, porous, and conductive laser‐induced graphene (LIG) networks. Although LIG was initially demonstrated mainly using aromatic synthetic polymers, such as polyimide, biomass precursors introduce renewable feedstocks with highly variable molecular composition, native architecture, processing state, and thermal‐ and mass‐transport behavior. These characteristics make biomass‐derived LIG formation strongly precursor‐dependent and govern local pyrolysis, volatile release, pore reconstruction, sp ² carbon domain development, and access to suitable graphitization windows. This review organizes biomass‐derived LIG within a precursor–conversion–structure–device framework. The conversion mechanisms and characterization boundaries of laser‐written graphitic or graphene‐like carbon networks are first summarized to avoid overinterpreting LIG as structurally uniform graphene. Representative lignin‐based, polysaccharide‐based, natural‐composite, agricultural‐residue‐based, and other unconventional precursors are then compared, with emphasis on how precursor composition, morphology, pretreatment, additives, native transport channels, and interfacial features influence conductive‐network continuity, pore connectivity, and surface chemistry. Applications in flexible electronics and related functional systems are discussed by linking precursor‐dependent structures and interfaces to device performance, rather than treating biomass merely as a substitute carbon source. Remaining challenges in precursor design, mechanistic verification, structural‐quality comparison, and device integration are finally outlined to support more reliable and application‐oriented development of biomass‐derived LIG.