Biomass-derived nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dot-embedded electrospun PVA/PVP seed coatings for the electrochemical monitoring of germination and stress responses in Vigna mungo

This study demonstrates a multifunctional, biomass-derived OP-CQD-based PVA-PVP electrospun coating for nutrient delivery with real-time electrochemical sensing, and a sustainable material platform for next-generation smart agricultural interfaces.