Biomarker‐Based Diagnosis and Care Pathways for Alzheimer's Disease in the Era of Disease‐Modifying Treatments: A Consensus Statement by Belgian Experts
Tim Van Langenhove, Sara Van Mossevelde, Marijke Miatton, Jan De Lepeleire, Rose Bruffaerts, Jean Christophe Bier, Kurt Segers, Jurn Verschraegen, Mirko Petrovic, Manfredi Ventura, Haroun Jedidi, Ingo Beyer, Eric Mormont, Rik Vandenberghe, Aline Delva, Christian Gilles, Donatienne Van Weehaeghe, Gaëtane Picard, Peter De Deyn, Mélanie Strauss, Evert Thiery, Eric Salmon, Gert Cypers, Joris Vlaemynck, Katrin Gillis, Jan Versijpt, Maria Bjerke, Anne Sieben, Bernard Hanseeuw, Sebastiaan Engelborghs, Olivier Deryck,ABSTRACT
Background
The recent approval of disease‐modifying therapies (DMTs) for early Alzheimer's disease (AD) marks a major shift in clinical practice. Biomarker confirmation of amyloid pathology is now required alongside clinical assessment, and blood‐based tests are improving accessibility. This creates increased demand for timely and accurate diagnosis while avoiding overdiagnosis in low‐probability cases. This Belgian consensus aims to guide biomarker‐based diagnosis of AD in the era of DMTs and to highlight the system adaptations required for safe and equitable implementation. Belgium, with universal healthcare but regionally organised dementia care, provides a relevant case to illustrate both opportunities and challenges.
Methods
This consensus was developed by 31 experts in cognitive neurology, geriatrics, neuropsychology, neuroimaging, neurochemistry, and primary care, coordinated by the Belgian Dementia Council (BeDeCo). Recommendations were based on multidisciplinary discussion, current evidence, and the organisation of dementia care in Belgium.
Results
The consensus outlines a stepwise diagnostic approach that integrates clinical assessment with biomarker confirmation using cerebrospinal fluid, amyloid‐PET, and emerging blood‐based tests. We review the strengths and limitations of each modality and provide guidance for use across clinical scenarios. Using Belgium as a case example, we illustrate challenges that are shared across European healthcare systems, such as limited reimbursement, unequal access to expertise, and insufficient diagnostic capacity, and formulate pragmatic recommendations to address these issues.
Conclusions
This consensus offers practical guidance for embedding biomarker‐based diagnostic strategies into clinical care. By outlining structured pathways and system‐level priorities, it facilitates safe, feasible, and equitable implementation of DMTs for AD.