Biological insights into microbial biofertilisers for sustainable wheat (Poaceae) cultivation and the management of Haplothrips tritici (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae)

Abstract

Increasing wheat (Poaceae) production to ensure global food security remains an important challenge, underscoring the significance of environmentally friendly approaches, including use of beneficial microorganisms. In laboratory and field experiments, we tested beneficial microorganism effects on the biological parameters of wheat and on wheat thrip, Haplothrips tritici (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae). Plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pseudomonadaceae) and Bacillus subtilis (Bacillaceae) were evaluated for their effectiveness both individually and in combination. Plant growth–promoting fungi Trichoderma harzianum (Hypocreaceae) and arbuscular mycorrhizae Glomus mosseae (Glomeraceae) were also assessed separately and in combination. In vitro inoculation with P. fluorescens strains enhanced wheat shoot and root growth. Among microbial biofertilisers, seed treatment with both P. fluorescens and B. subtilis led to various enhanced growth indices under field conditions. Plants treated as seed attained the highest number of grains per spike, root weight per plant, plant height, and chlorophyll content. The lowest populations of thrips per spike were realised with the application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi or P. fluorescens alone. Microorganism-based fertilisers can be employed as components of integrated pest management strategies to promote wheat performance and improve yield quality and quantity. This approach supports sustainable agriculture by reducing reliance on conventional insecticides.