Biogeotechnical engineering for ground improvement and land reclamation

In recent years, biogeotechnical engineering has emerged as a key approach in advancing geotechnical engineering applications. This chapter explores the use of biogeotechnical engineering for ground improvement and land reclamation, offering an overview of this promising technology for ground improvement and fostering sustainability. The chapter starts with a historical perspective, tracing the bioinspired origins of ‘bio-based’ methods. The chapter then presents a comparative analysis of three main bio-based methods: microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP), enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) and biopolymer treatment (BPT). The principles and mechanisms of these three bio-based methods are discussed in some detail with special emphasis on biomineralization by way of urea hydrolysis and cross-linking of biopolymers. The implementation of these bio-based methods is then reviewed for coastal erosion and pavement applications. The practical potential of the reviewed bio-based methods is also discussed in light of several successful laboratory and field-scale case studies. The chapter ends with major challenges encountered by bio-based technology, which are then discussed, including durability concerns, ecological footprint, economic feasibility and societal approval.