Biodegradable Capacitive‐Coupling Bioelectronics for Wireless Electrical Stimulation and Longitudinal Electrophysiological Monitoring of Peripheral Nerve Regeneration

ABSTRACT

Electrical stimulation accelerates peripheral nerve regeneration, yet current strategies are limited by wired interfaces, percutaneous leads, nondegradable components, and poor capacity for dynamic functional monitoring within the same subject. Here, we report biodegradable capacitive‐coupling bioelectronics (CCB), an implantable platform integrating wireless electrical stimulation, regenerative guidance, and longitudinal electrophysiological monitoring. The CCB comprises biodegradable molybdenum electrodes, Mo‐wire interconnects, and a textile‐reinforced electroactive bioelectronic nerve guidance conduit (Bio‐NGC). Capacitive coupling between external and implanted electrodes enables battery‐free wireless delivery of electrical cues to regenerating nerves, while the same architecture allows repeated recording of regenerated compound nerve action potentials (CNAPs). In a rat sciatic nerve defect model, CCB‐mediated stimulation enhances Schwann cell (SC) activation, mitochondrial bioenergetics, axonal regeneration, remyelination, angiogenesis, and motor recovery, with multiple outcomes approaching those of autograft repair. Mechanistic analyses revealed coordinated neurovascular remodeling, pro‐regenerative immune modulation, calcium‐related signaling, AMPK‐associated energy metabolism, and neurotrophic factor expression. Importantly, CCB‐enabled monitoring captured regeneration trajectories in the same animal without repeated nerve exposure, showing temporal trends consistent with conventional wired electrophysiology. This work establishes a biodegradable therapeutic‐monitoring bioelectronic platform and advances peripheral nerve repair from passive conductive scaffolds toward intelligent implantable bioelectronics.