BioBloom TiO₂: Green Synthesis of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Using <i>Clitoria ternatea</i> Flower Extract for Bioremediation of Textile Dyes

Nanotechnology is essential in many scientific disciplines, particularly materials science, where titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles are widely studied for their stability and high photocatalytic performance in environmental applications. This study reports the green synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles using Clitoria ternatea (butterfly pea) flower extract as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent. Phytochemicals, such as alkaloids, glycosides, and coumarins, facilitate nanoparticle formation and stabilization. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by ultraviolet (UV)–vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), zeta potential analysis, DLS, FTIR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and EDX, confirming their structural, morphological, and surface properties. Biocompatibility was evaluated using MTT, hemolysis, and zebrafish embryos, revealing non-toxicity up to 50 μg/mL. Photocatalytic performance was assessed using Rhodamine 6G dye under sunlight, achieving a 40% reduction in dye intensity. These results demonstrate the dual environmental and biomedical potential of Clitoria ternatea-mediated TiO2 nanoparticles, supporting their application in textile wastewater treatment.