Beyond Value Maximization: A Capital Structure Perspective Based on Financial Resilience

Capital structure theory has historically been dominated by the objective of maximizing firm value through the optimal combination of debt and equity. However, contemporary environments characterized by systemic uncertainty, financial volatility, and elevated risk exposure have highlighted the limitations of an exclusively value-oriented perspective. In response, this study adopts a theory-building approach and develops a conceptual framework grounded in corporate financial resilience through an integrative theoretical review. Drawing on a critical examination of the principal theories of capital structure, including Modigliani and Miller’s propositions, trade-off theory, pecking order theory, agency theory, signaling theory, and market timing theory, the study argues that long-term financial sustainability depends not only on value maximization but also on the organizational capacity to absorb shocks, preserve liquidity, maintain solvency, and reduce vulnerability to financial distress. As its primary theoretical contribution, the study extends the explanatory domain of capital structure theory by formalizing a resilience-oriented framework that integrates key constructs, conceptual relationships, and theoretical propositions linking leverage, liquidity, solvency, financial flexibility, and financial resilience. Within this framework, moderate leverage, financial flexibility, and operational stability emerge as central mechanisms for strengthening corporate continuity under conditions of systemic uncertainty.