DOI: 10.1039/d6ra04722j ISSN: 2046-2069
Beyond the lithium-ion trilemma: a six-dimension integrated battery sustainability framework
Sujan Hossain, Md. Mesbah Uddin Saadi, Md. Omer Faruk, Md. Mynul Hasan, Md. Mohi Uddin, Mohammad Asaduzzaman Chowdhury, Mostafizur Rahman, Himangshu Bhowmik, Md. Rifat Khandaker, Md. Shohel RanaBSF scores LFP highest (0.645) across six dimensions (energy, cost, safety, recyclability, lifecycle, social). Recycling gap: 55% currently vs. 85% potential; scaling direct recycling is key.