Beyond Furnaces: Harnessing In Situ Joule Heating for Efficient C ₁ Catalysis

ABSTRACT

The catalytic conversion of C ₁ molecules (CO, CO ₂ , CH ₄ , CH ₃ OH, CH ₂ O, etc.) is a pivotal route toward carbon neutrality and a sustainable energy future. Traditional thermocatalysis relies on fossil‐fuel combustion to supply heat, but this approach suffers from low heat‐transfer efficiency, high energy consumption, and catalyst deactivation. In contrast, Joule‐heated catalysis directly energizes conductive catalysts with electric current, enabling in situ, spatially uniform heating and the coupling of electric and thermal fields, thereby enhancing C ₁ molecule conversion and overall energy efficiency. This review systematically elucidates the fundamental principles of Joule‐heated catalysis and highlights recent advances in its application to CO ₂ methanation, hydrogen production via reforming, and the oxidation of formaldehyde and CO. From the viewpoints of enhanced heat transfer, electron dynamics, and band‐structure modulation, the mechanisms underlying electrothermal synergy are comprehensively analyzed. Furthermore, the existing challenges and future prospects of Joule‐heated catalysis are discussed in terms of theoretical understanding, material design, and industrial implementation. This work aims to provide insights and guidance for advancing both the fundamental research and large‐scale application of Joule‐heated catalytic technologies.