Copper Materials: properties, manufacturing, and future prospects

Abstract

An analysis of copper and its alloys demonstrates their widespread application in materials engineering, particularly within the energy, chemical, marine, and transportation sectors. Copper is characterized by its high electrical and thermal conductivity, and its alloys – especially those incorporating nickel, cobalt, or zirconium – enable an optimal balance between mechanical strength and conductivity. Modern manufacturing technologies, such as additive methods (LPBF, EB-PBF) and nanotechnologies, allow for precise control over microstructure and properties, although they encounter challenges related to copper’s reflectivity, nanostructure stability, and production scalability. Advanced heat and thermomechanical treatments improve mechanical and electrical parameters, necessitating precise control of precipitation and recrystallization processes. In terms of corrosion resistance, graphene coatings and microstructural modifications reduce degradation in aggressive environments. The integration of additive technologies with traditional production methods, along with the development of nanostructured copper alloys, offers opportunities for components with optimized properties, although further research is required on the long-term stability of microstructures and coatings under operational conditions. Challenges include the trade-off between strength and conductivity, control of production defects, and the costs associated with modern methods. Proposed advancements include the integration of computer modeling with production and operational process monitoring to enhance the durability and efficiency of copper materials in demanding applications.