Autonomy Deeply Considered

Abstract

According to self-determination theory (SDT; Ryan & Deci, 2017), the satisfaction of humans’ basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness fundamentally undergirds optimal motivation, wellbeing, and personal growth. Of these, autonomy holds a uniquely significant place in the theory. Autonomy functions not only as a fundamental psychological need but also a defining characteristic of the most optimal forms of motivation and behavioral regulation. Empirically, autonomy has been measured using behavioral, neurologic, and phenomenological indicators, yet because of its psychological salience it can often be effectively assessed with just a few self-report items, although such measures cannot capture the full breadth of the construct as conceptualized in the theory. Accordingly, we tease apart different aspects of autonomy and differentiate autonomy from commonly conflated constructs such as freedom, independence, “free will,” and individualism. We discuss how capacities for autonomy develop in pace with demands of socialization, as well as the interpersonal processes that support this. Finally, we outline evidence that individual autonomy is impacted not only by intra- and interpersonal processes, but also by group and societal factors. We conclude by discussing future directions in research on autonomy.