Austro-Hungarian Relations 1867–1914: The Perfect Example of a Community of Conflict?

Abstract

The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 established a constitutional framework based on equality between Austria and Hungary, but its legal ambiguities left many constitutional issues unresolved. This article argues that Austro-Hungarian relations between 1867 and 1914 can best be understood through the concept of a “community of conflict” (Konfliktgemeinschaft) developed by Jan Křen. Rather than viewing Austria and Hungary merely as cooperating or competing states, we must understand that both were closely linked not only by the institutions and regulations of dualism but also by ongoing political, economic, and constitutional conflicts. Given the diverging political, legal, and economic developments in both states, these conflicts fostered mutual dependence, as each side continually reacted to the other’s actions and strategies while remaining true to its own interests. Conflicts over the military, economic policy, and the interpretation of the constitution nonetheless persisted. Economic integration further strengthened this dynamic. Although the customs union and the common market benefited both states, recurring disputes over tariffs, trade, agriculture, and financial contributions caused resentment on both sides. Nationalist movements and differing approaches to multilingualism also exacerbated tensions, which had far-reaching effects. As a result, this was one factor that increasingly impaired the functioning of the Austrian state and stimulated discussions about the nature of statehood and possible alternatives to the existing constitutional setting.